1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Dynastat
Dynastat
Dynastat
Dynastat
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
20 mg vial: Each vial contains 20 mg parecoxib (present as 21.18 mg parecoxib sodium) for reconstitution. After reconstitution, the final concentration of parecoxib is 20 mg/ml.
When reconstituted in sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution, Dynastat contains approximately 0.22 mEq of sodium per vial.
40 mg vial: Each vial contains 40 mg parecoxib (present as 42.36 mg parecoxib sodium) for reconstitution. After reconstitution, the final concentration of parecoxib is 20 mg/ml.
When reconstituted in sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution, Dynastat contains approximately 0.44 mEq of sodium per vial.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Powder for solution for injection
Powder and solvent for solution for injection
White to off-white powder
Solvent: clear and colourless solution
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
For the short-term treatment of postoperative pain.
The decision to prescribe a selective COX-2 inhibitor should be based on an assessment of the individual patient's overall risks (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
The recommended dose is 40 mg administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM), followed every 6 to 12 hours by 20 mg or 40 mg as required, not to exceed 80 mg/day. The IV bolus injection may be given rapidly and directly into a vein or into an existing IV line. The IM injection should be given slowly and deeply into the muscle (see section 6.6 for instructions for reconstitution).
There is limited clinical experience with Dynastat treatment beyond three days.
Concomitant Use with Opioid Analgesics: Opioid analgesics can be used concurrently with parecoxib, dosing as described in the paragraph above. In all clinical assessments parecoxib was administered at a fixed time interval whereas the opioids were administered on as needed basis (PRN).
As the cardiovascular risk of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) specific inhibitors may increase with dose and duration of exposure, the shortest duration possible and the lowest effective daily dose should be used.
Precipitation may occur when Dynastat is combined in solution with other medicinal products and therefore Dynastat must not be mixed with any other drug, either during reconstitution or injection. In those patients where the same IV line is to be used to inject another medicinal product, the line must be adequately flushed prior to and after Dynastat injection with a solution of known compatibility.
IV line solution compatibility
After reconstitution with acceptable solvents, Dynastat may only be injected IV or IM, or into IV lines delivering:
sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution
glucose 50 g/l (5%) solution for infusion
sodium chloride 4.5 mg/ml (0.45%) and glucose 50 g/l (5%) solution for injection
Ringer-Lactate solution for injection
Injection into an IV line delivering glucose 50 g/l (5%) in Ringer-Lactate solution for injection, or other IV fluids not listed above, is not recommended as this may cause precipitation from solution.
Elderly: No dosage adjustment is generally necessary in elderly patients (
Hepatic Impairment: No dosage adjustment is generally necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 5-6). Introduce Dynastat with caution and at half the usual recommended dose in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7-9) and reduce the maximum daily dose to 40 mg. There is no clinical experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score
Renal Impairment: On the basis of pharmacokinetics, no dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance of 30-80 ml/min.). In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min.) or patients who may be predisposed to fluid retention parecoxib should be initiated at the lowest recommended dose and the patient's kidney function closely monitored (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Children and adolescents: There is no experience in children and adolescents. Therefore, its use is not recommended in these patients.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients (see section 6.1).
History of previous serious allergic drug reaction of any type, especially cutaneous reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme or patients with known hypersensitivity to sulphonamides (see sections 4.4 and 4.8).
Active peptic ulceration or gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.
Patients who have experienced bronchospasm, acute rhinitis, nasal polyps, angioneurotic oedema, urticaria or other allergic-type reactions after taking acetylsalicylic acid or NSAIDs including COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibitors.
The third trimester of pregnancy and breast-feeding (see sections 4.6 and 5.3).
Severe hepatic dysfunction (serum albumin <25 g/l or Child-Pugh score
Inflammatory bowel disease.
Congestive heart failure (NYHA II-IV).
Treatment of post-operative pain following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (see sections 4.8 and 5.1).
Established ischaemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease and/or cerebrovascular disease
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
There is limited clinical experience with Dynastat treatment beyond three days.
Because of the possibility for increased adverse reactions at higher doses of parecoxib, other COX-2 inhibitors and NSAIDs, patients treated with parecoxib should be reviewed following dose increase and, in the absence of an increase in efficacy, other therapeutic options should be considered (see section 4.2).
COX-2 inhibitors have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and thrombotic adverse events when taken long term. The exact magnitude of the risk associated with a single dose has not been determined, nor has the exact duration of therapy associated with increased risk.
Patients with significant risk factors for cardiovascular events (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking) should only be treated with parecoxib sodium after careful consideration (see section 5.1).
Appropriate measures should be taken and discontinuation of parecoxib therapy should be considered if there is clinical evidence of deterioration in the condition of specific clinical symptoms in these patients (see section 5.1). Dynastat has not been studied in cardiovascular revascularization procedures other than coronary artery bypass graft procedures. Studies in other surgeries than CABG procedures included patients with ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiology) Physical Status Class I-III only.
COX-2 inhibitors are not a substitute for acetylsalicylic acid for prophylaxis of cardiovascular thrombo-embolic diseases because of their lack of antiplatelet effects. Therefore, antiplatelet therapies should not be discontinued (see section 5.1).
Upper gastrointestinal complications [perforations, ulcers or bleedings (PUBs)], some of them resulting in fatal outcome, have occurred in patients treated with parecoxib. Caution is advised in the treatment of patients most at risk of developing a gastrointestinal complication with NSAIDs; the elderly, patients using any other NSAID or acetylsalicylic acid concomitantly or patients with a prior history of gastrointestinal disease, such as ulceration and GI bleeding. There is further increase in the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects (gastrointestinal ulceration or other gastrointestinal complications), when parecoxib sodium is taken concomitantly with acetylsalicylic acid (even at low doses).
Dynastat has been studied in dental, orthopaedic, gynaecologic (principally hysterectomy) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. There is little experience in other types of surgery, for example gastrointestinal or urological surgery.
Serious skin reactions, including erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome some of them fatal) have been reported through post marketing surveillance in patients receiving parecoxib. Additionally, fatal reports of toxic epidermal necrolysis, have been reported through postmarketing surveillance in patients receiving valdecoxib (the active metabolite of parecoxib) and cannot be ruled out for parecoxib (see section 4.8). Patients appear to be at highest risk for these reactions early in the course of therapy; the onset of the reaction occurring in the majority of cases within the first month of treatment.
Appropriate measures should be taken by physicians to monitor for any serious skin reactions with therapy, e.g. additional patient consultations. Patients should be advised to immediately report any emergent skin condition to their physician.
Parecoxib should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or any other sign of hypersensitivity. Serious skin reactions are known to occur with NSAIDs including COX-2 selective inhibitors as well as other medications. However, the reported rate of serious skin events appears to be greater for valdecoxib (the active metabolite of parecoxib) as compared to other COX-2 selective inhibitors. Patients with a history of sulphonamide allergy may be at greater risk of skin reactions (see section 4.3). Patients without a history of sulphonamide allergy may also be at risk for serious skin reactions.
Hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis and angioedema) have been reported in post-marketing experience with valdecoxib and parecoxib (see section 4.8). Some of these reactions have occurred in patients with a history of allergic-type reactions to sulphonamides (see section 4.3). Parecoxib should be discontinued at the first sign of hypersensitivity.
Acute renal failure has been reported through post-marketing surveillance in patients receiving parecoxib (see section 4.8). Since prostaglandin synthesis inhibition may result in deterioration of renal function and fluid retention, caution should be observed when administering Dynastat in patients with impaired renal function (see section 4.2) or hypertension, or in patients with compromised cardiac or hepatic function or other conditions predisposing to fluid retention.
Caution should be used when initiating treatment with Dynastat in patients with dehydration. In this case, it is advisable to rehydrate patients first and then start therapy with Dynastat.
Fluid Retention and Oedema
As with other drugs known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, fluid retention and oedema have been observed in some patients taking parecoxib. Therefore, parecoxib should be used with caution in patients with compromised cardiac function, preexisting oedema, or other conditions predisposing to, or worsened by, fluid retention including those taking diuretic treatment or otherwise at risk of hypovolemia. If there is clinical evidence of deterioration in the condition of these patients, appropriate measures including discontinuation of parecoxib should be taken.
Hypertension
As with all NSAIDs, parecoxib can lead to the onset of new hypertension or worsening of pre-existing hypertension, either of which may contribute to the increased incidence of cardiovascular events. NSAIDs, including parecoxib, should be used with caution in patients with hypertension. Blood pressure should be monitored closely during the initiation of therapy with parecoxib and throughout the course of therapy. If blood pressure rises significantly, alternative treatment should be considered.
Dynastat should be used with caution in patients with moderate hepatic dysfunction (Child-Pugh score 7-9) (see section 4.2).
If during treatment, patients deteriorate in any of the organ system functions described above, appropriate measures should be taken and discontinuation of parecoxib sodium therapy should be considered.
Dynastat may mask fever and other signs of inflammation (see section 5.1). In isolated cases, an aggravation of soft tissue infections has been described in connection with the use of NSAIDs and in nonclinical studies with Dynastat (see section 5.3). Caution should be exercised with respect to monitoring the incision for signs of infection in surgical patients receiving Dynastat.
Caution should be exercised when co-administering Dynastat with warfarin and other oral anticoagulants (see section 4.5).
The concomitant use of parecoxib with other non-aspirin NSAIDs should be avoided.
The use of Dynastat, as with any medicinal product known to inhibit cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin synthesis, is not recommended in women attempting to conceive (see sections 4.6 and 5.1).
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.
Pharmacodynamic interactions
Anticoagulant therapy should be monitored, particularly during the first few days after initiating Dynastat therapy in patients receiving warfarin or other anticoagulants, since these patients have an increased risk of bleeding complications. Therefore, patients receiving oral anticoagulants should be closely monitored for their prothrombin time INR, particularly in the first few days when therapy with parecoxib is initiated or the dose of parecoxib is changed (see section 4.4).
Dynastat had no effect on acetylsalicylic acid-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation or bleeding times. Clinical trials indicate that Dynastat can be given with low dose acetylsalicylic acid (
Co-administration of parecoxib sodium and heparin did not affect the pharmacodynamics of heparin (activated partial thromboplastin time) compared to heparin alone.
NSAIDs may reduce the effect of diuretics and antihypertensive medicinal products. As for NSAIDs, the risk of acute renal insufficiency may be increased when ACE inhibitors or diuretics are co-administered with parecoxib sodium.
Co-administration of NSAIDs and cyclosporin or tacrolimus has been suggested to increase the nephrotoxic effect of cyclosporin and tacrolimus. Renal function should be monitored when parecoxib sodium and any of these medicinal products are co-administered.
Dynastat may be co-administered with opioid analgesics. In clinical trials, the daily requirement for PRN opioids was significantly reduced when coadministered with parecoxib.
Effects of other medicinal products on the pharmacokinetics of parecoxib (or its active metabolite valdecoxib)
Parecoxib is rapidly hydrolysed to the active metabolite valdecoxib. In humans, studies demonstrated that valdecoxib metabolism is predominantly mediated via CYP3A4 and 2C9 isozymes.
Plasma exposure (AUC and Cmax) to valdecoxib was increased (62% and 19%, respectively) when co-administered with fluconazole (predominantly a CYP2C9 inhibitor), indicating that the dose of parecoxib sodium should be reduced in those patients who are receiving fluconazole therapy.
Plasma exposure (AUC and Cmax) to valdecoxib was increased (38% and 24%, respectively) when co-administered with ketoconazole (CYP3A4 inhibitor), however, a dosage adjustment should not generally be necessary for patients receiving ketoconazole.
The effect of enzyme induction has not been studied. The metabolism of valdecoxib may increase when co-administered with enzyme inducers such as rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine or dexamethasone.
Effect of parecoxib (or its active metabolite valdecoxib) on the pharmacokinetics of other medicinal products
Treatment with valdecoxib (40 mg twice daily for 7 days) produced a 3-fold increase in plasma concentrations of dextromethorphan (CYP2D6 substrate). Therefore, caution should be observed when co-administering Dynastat and medicinal products that are predominantly metabolised by CYP2D6 and which have narrow therapeutic margins (e.g. flecainide, propafenone, metoprolol).
Plasma exposure of omeprazole (CYP 2C19 substrate) 40 mg once daily was increased by 46% following administration of valdecoxib 40 mg twice daily for 7 days, while the plasma exposure to valdecoxib was unaffected. These results indicate that although valdecoxib is not metabolised by CYP2C19, it may be an inhibitor of this isoenzyme. Therefore, caution should be observed when administering Dynastat with medicinal products known to be substrates of CYP2C19 (e.g. phenytoin, diazepam, or imipramine).
In interaction studies in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving weekly methotrexate intramuscularly, orally administered valdecoxib (40 mg twice daily) did not have a clinically significant effect on the plasma concentrations of methotrexate. However, adequate monitoring of methotrexate-related toxicity should be considered when co-administering these two medicinal products.
Co-administration of valdecoxib and lithium produced significant decreases in lithium serum clearance (25%) and renal clearance (30%) with a 34% higher serum exposure compared to lithium alone. Lithium serum concentration should be monitored closely when initiating or changing parecoxib sodium therapy in patients receiving lithium.
Co-administration of valdecoxib with glibenclamide (CYP3A4 substrate) did not affect either the pharmacokinetics (exposure) or the pharmacodynamics (blood glucose and insulin levels) of glibenclamide.
Injectable anaesthetics: Coadministration of IV parecoxib sodium 40 mg with propofol (CYP2C9 substrate) or midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate) did not affect either the pharmacokinetics (metabolism and exposure) or the pharmacodynamics (EEG effects, psychomotor tests and waking from sedation) of IV propofol or IV midazolam. Additionally, coadministration of valdecoxib had no clinically significant effect on the hepatic or intestinal CYP 3A4-mediated metabolism of orally administered midazolam. Administration of IV parecoxib sodium 40 mg had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of either IV fentanyl or IV alfentanil (CYP3A4 substrates).
Inhalation anaesthetics: No formal interaction studies have been done. In surgery studies in which parecoxib sodium was administered pre-operatively, no evidence of pharmacodynamic interaction was observed in patients receiving parecoxib sodium and the inhalation anaesthetic agents nitrous oxide and isoflurane (see section 5.1).
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy:
Parecoxib sodium is suspected to cause serious birth defects when administered during the last trimester of pregnancybecause as with other medicinal products known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, it may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus or uterine inertia (see sections 4.3, 5.1 and 5.3).
Dynastat is contraindicated (see section 4.3) in the last trimester of pregnancy.
Like other medicinal products that inhibit COX-2, Dynastat is not recommended in women attempting to conceive (see sections 4.4, 5.1 and 5.3).
There are no adequate data from the use of parecoxib sodium in pregnant women or during labour. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see sections 5.1 and 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Dynastat should not be used during the first two trimesters of pregnancy unless clearly necessary (i.e. the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the potential risk to the foetus).
Lactation:
Parecoxib, valdecoxib (its active metabolite) and a valdecoxib active metabolite are excreted in the milk of rats. It is not known whether valdecoxib is excreted in human milk. Dynastat should not be administered to women who breast-feed (see sections 4.3 and 5.3).
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
No studies on the effect of Dynastat on the ability to drive or use machines have been performed. However, patients who experience dizziness, vertigo or somnolence after receiving Dynastat should refrain from driving or operating machines.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
The following adverse reactions were reported in patients who received parecoxib (N=5,402) in 28 placebo-controlled clinical trials.
[Very Common (1/10), Common ( ), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data including isolated cases)]
Infections and infestations
Common: pharyngitis, alveolar osteitis (dry socket)
Uncommon: abnormal sternal serous wound drainage, wound infection.
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Common: anaemia, postoperative
Uncommon: thrombocytopenia
Immune System Disorders
Rare: anaphylactoid reaction
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Common: hypokalaemia
Uncommon: anorexia, hyperglycaemia
Pyschiatric disorders:
Common: agitation, insomnia
Nervous system disorders
Common: hypoaesthesia, dizziness
Uncommon: cerebrovascular disorder
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Uncommon: ear pain
Cardiac disorders
Uncommon: myocardial infarction, bradycardia
Vascular disorders
Common: hypertension, hypotension
Uncommon: hypertension (aggravated), orthostatic hypotension
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common: respiratory insufficiency
Uncommon: pulmonary embolism
Gastrointestinal disorders
Very common: nausea
Common: abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation,dyspepsia, flatulence
Uncommon: gastroduodenal ulceration, gastrooesophageal reflux disease, dry mouth, gastrointestinal sounds abnormal
Rare: pancreatitis, oesophagitis, oedema mouth (perioral swelling)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Common: pruritus, hyperhidrosis
Uncommon: ecchymosis, rash, urticaria
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Common: back pain
Uncommon: arthralgia
Renal and urinary disorders
Common: oliguria
Rare: renal failure acute
General disorders and administration site conditions
Common: oedema peripheral
Uncommon: asthenia, injection site pain, injection site reaction
Investigations
Common: blood creatinine increased
Uncommon: blood creatine phosphokinase increased, blood lactate dehydrogenase increased, SGOT increased, SGPT increased, blood urea nitrogen increased
Injury, poisoning and procedural complaint
Uncommon: post procedural complication (skin)
The following rare, serious adverse events have been reported in association with the use of NSAIDs and cannot be ruled out for Dynastat: bronchospasm and hepatitis.
Following coronary artery bypass graft surgery, patients administered Dynastat have a higher risk of adverse events, such as cardiovascular/ thromboembolic events, deep surgical infections and sternal wound healing complications. Cardiovascular/thromboembolic events include myocardial infarction, stroke/TIA, pulmonary embolus and deep vein thrombosis (see section 4.3 and 5.1).
In post-marketing experience, the following reactions have been reported in association with the use of parecoxib:
Rare: renal failure, congestive heart failure, dyspnoea, tachycardia and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Very rare: erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis and hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis and angioedema (see section 4.4).
In post marketing experience, the following reactions have been reported in association with the use of valdecoxib, and cannot be ruled out for parecoxib: toxic epidermal necrolysis (see section 4.4).
4.9 Overdose
Reporting of overdose with parecoxib has been associated with adverse events which have also been described with recommended doses of parecoxib.
In case of overdose, patients should be managed by symptomatic and supportive care. Valdecoxib is not removed by haemodialysis. Diuresis or alkalisation of urine may not be useful due to high protein binding of valdecoxib.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Coxib, ATC code: M01AH04
Parecoxib is a prodrug of valdecoxib. Valdecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor within the clinical dose range. Cyclooxygenase is responsible for generation of prostaglandins. Two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, have been identified. COX-2 is the isoform of the enzyme that has been shown to be induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli and has been postulated to be primarily responsible for the synthesis of prostanoid mediators of pain, inflammation, and fever. COX-2 is also involved in ovulation, implantation and closure of the ductus arteriosus, regulation of renal function, and central nervous system functions (fever induction, pain perception and cognitive function). It may also play a role in ulcer healing. COX-2 has been identified in tissue around gastric ulcers in man but its relevance to ulcer healing has not been established.
The difference in antiplatelet activity between some COX-1 inhibiting NSAIDs and COX-2 selective inhibitors may be of clinical significance in patients at risk of thrombo-embolic reactions. COX-2 selective inhibitors reduce the formation of systemic (and therefore possibly endothelial) prostacyclin without affecting platelet thromboxane. The clinical relevance of these observations has not been established.
The efficacy of Dynastat was established in studies of dental, gynaecologic (hysterectomy), orthopaedic (knee and hip replacement), and coronary artery bypass graft surgical pain. The first perceptible analgesic effect occurred in 7 -13 minutes, with clinically meaningful analgesia demonstrated in 23-39 minutes and a peak effect within 2 hours following administration of single doses of 40 mg IV or IM Dynastat. The magnitude of analgesic effect of the 40 mg dose was comparable with that of ketorolac 60 mg IM or ketorolac 30 mg IV. After a single dose, the duration of analgesia was dose and clinical pain model dependent, and ranged from 6 to greater than 12 hours.
Opioid-sparing Effects: In a placebo-controlled, orthopedic and general surgery study (n =1050), patients received Dynastat at an initial parenteral dose of 40 mg IV followed by 20 mg twice daily for a minimum of 72 hours in addition to receiving standard care including supplemental patient controlled opioids. The reduction in opioid use with Dynastat treatment on Days 2 and 3 was 7.2 mg and 2.8 mg (37% and 28% respectively).This reduction in opioid use was accompanied by significant reductions in patient-reported opioid symptom distress. Added pain relief compared to opioids alone was shown. Additional studies in other surgical settings provided similar observations. There are no data indicating less overall adverse events associated with the use of parecoxib compared to placebo when used in conjunction with opioids.
Gastrointestinal studies: In short-term studies (7 days), the incidence of endoscopically observed gastroduodenal ulcers or erosions in healthy young and elderly (
CABG post-operative Safety Studies: In addition to routine adverse event reporting, pre-specified event categories, adjudicated by an independent expert committee, were examined in two placebo-controlled safety studies in which patients received parecoxib sodium for at least 3 days and then were transitioned to oral valdecoxib for a total duration of 10-14 days. All patients received standard of care analgesia during treatment.
Patients received low-dose acetylsalicylic acid prior to randomization and throughout the two CABG surgery studies.
The first CABG surgery study evaluated patients treated with IV parecoxib sodium 40 mg bid for a minimum of 3 days, followed by treatment with valdecoxib 40 mg bid (parecoxib sodium/valdecoxib group) (n=311) or placebo/placebo (n=151) in a 14-day, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Nine pre-specified adverse event categories were evaluated (cardiovascular thromboembolic events, pericarditis, new onset or exacerbation of congestive heart failure, renal failure/dysfunction, upper GI ulcer complications, major non-GI bleeds, infections, non-infectious pulmonary complications, and death). There was a significantly (p<0.05) greater incidence of cardiovascular/thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction, ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) detected in the parecoxib/valdecoxib treatment group compared to the placebo/placebo treatment group for the IV dosing period (2.2% and 0.0% respectively) and over the entire study period (4.8% and 1.3% respectively). Surgical wound complications (most involving the sternal wound) were observed at an increased rate with parecoxib/valdecoxib treatment.
In the second CABG surgery study, four pre-specified event categories were evaluated (cardiovascular/thromboembolic; renal dysfunction/renal failure; upper GI ulcer/bleeding; surgical wound complication). Patients were randomized within 24-hours post-CABG surgery to: parecoxib initial dose of 40 mg IV, then 20 mg IV Q12H for a minimum of 3 days followed by valdecoxib PO (20 mg Q12H) (n=544) for the remainder of a 10 day treatment period; placebo IV followed by valdecoxib PO (n=544); or placebo IV followed by placebo PO (n=548). A significantly (p=0.033) greater incidence of events in the cardiovascular/thromboembolic category was detected in the parecoxib /valdecoxib treatment group (2.0%) compared to the placebo/placebo treatment group (0.5%). Placebo/valdecoxib treatment was also associated with a higher incidence of CV thromboembolic events versus placebo treatment, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Three of the six cardiovascular thromboembolic events in the placebo/valdecoxib treatment group occurred during the placebo treatment period; these patients did not receive valdecoxib. Pre-specified events that occurred with the highest incidence in all three treatment groups involved the category of surgical wound complications, including deep surgical infections and sternal wound healing events.
There were no significant differences between active treatments and placebo for any of the other pre-specified event categories (renal dysfunction/failure, upper GI ulcer complications or surgical wound complications).
General Surgery: In a large (N=1050) major orthopedic/general surgery trial, patients received an initial dose of parecoxib 40 mg IV, then 20 mg IV Q12H for a minimum of 3 days followed by valdecoxib PO (20 mg Q12H) (n=525) for the remainder of a 10 day treatment period, or placebo IV followed by placebo PO (n=525). There were no significant differences in the overall safety profile, including the four pre-specified event categories described above for the second CABG surgery study, for parecoxib sodium/valdecoxib compared to placebo treatment in these post-surgical patients.
Platelet studies: In a series of small, multiple dose studies in healthy young and elderly subjects, Dynastat 20 mg or 40 mg twice daily had no effect on platelet aggregation or bleeding compared to placebo. In young subjects, Dynastat 40 mg twice daily had no clinically significant effect on acetylsalicylic acid -mediated inhibition of platelet function. (see section 4.5)
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Following IV or IM injection, parecoxib is rapidly converted to valdecoxib, the pharmacologically active substance, by enzymatic hydrolysis in the liver.
Absorption
Exposure of valdecoxib following single doses of Dynastat, as measured by both the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax), is approximately linear in the range of clinical doses. AUC and Cmax following twice daily administration is linear up to 50 mg IV and 20 mg IM. Steady state plasma concentrations of valdecoxib were reached within 4 days with twice daily dosing.
Following single IV and IM doses of parecoxib sodium 20 mg, Cmax of valdecoxib is achieved in approximately 30 minutes and approximately 1 hour, respectively. Exposure to valdecoxib was similar in terms of AUC and Cmax following IV and IM administration. Exposure to parecoxib was similar after IV or IM administration in terms of AUC. Average Cmax of parecoxib after IM dosing was lower compared to bolus IV dosing, which is attributed to slower extravascular absorption after IM administration. These decreases were not considered clinically important since Cmax of valdecoxib is comparable after IM and IV parecoxib sodium administration.
Distribution
The volume of distribution of valdecoxib after its IV administration is approximately 55 litres. Plasma protein binding is approximately 98% over the concentration range achieved with the highest recommended dose, 80 mg/day. Valdecoxib, but not parecoxib, is extensively partitioned into erythrocytes.
Metabolism
Parecoxib is rapidly and almost completely converted to valdecoxib and propionic acid in vivo with a plasma half-life of approximately 22 minutes. Elimination of valdecoxib is by extensive hepatic metabolism involving multiple pathways, including cytochrome P 450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP2C9 isoenzymes and glucuronidation (about 20%) of the sulphonamide moiety. A hydroxylated metabolite of valdecoxib (via the CYP pathway) has been identified in human plasma that is active as a COX-2 inhibitor. It represents approximately 10% of the concentration of valdecoxib; because of this metabolite's low concentration, it is not expected to contribute a significant clinical effect after administration of therapeutic doses of parecoxib sodium.
Elimination
Valdecoxib is eliminated via hepatic metabolism with less than 5% unchanged valdecoxib recovered in the urine. No unchanged parecoxib is detected in urine and only trace amounts in the faeces. About 70% of the dose is excreted in the urine as inactive metabolites. Plasma clearance (CLp) for valdecoxib is about 6 l/hr. After IV or IM dosing of parecoxib sodium, the elimination half-life (t1/2) of valdecoxib is about 8 hours.
Elderly Subjects: Dynastat has been administered to 335 elderly patients (65-96 years of age) in pharmacokinetic and therapeutic trials. In healthy elderly subjects, the apparent oral clearance of valdecoxib was reduced, resulting in an approximately 40% higher plasma exposure of valdecoxib compared to healthy young subjects. When adjusted for body weight, steady state plasma exposure of valdecoxib was 16% higher in elderly females compared to elderly males (see section 4.2).
Renal Impairment: In patients with varying degrees of renal impairment administered 20 mg IVDynastat, parecoxib was rapidly cleared from plasma. Because renal elimination of valdecoxib is not important to its disposition, no changes in valdecoxib clearance were found even in patients with severe renal impairment or in patients undergoing dialysis (see section 4.2).
Hepatic Impairment: Moderate hepatic impairment did not result in a reduced rate or extent of parecoxib conversion to valdecoxib. In patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7-9), treatment should be initiated with half the usual recommended dose of Dynastat and the maximum daily dose should be reduced to 40 mg since valdecoxib exposures were more than doubled (130%) in these patients. Patients with severe hepatic impairment have not been studied and therefore the use of Dynastat in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended (see sections 4.2 and 4.3).
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology or repeated dose toxicity at 2-fold the maximum human exposure to parecoxib. However, in the repeated dose toxicity studies in dogs and rats, the systemic exposures to valdecoxib (the active metabolite of parecoxib) were approximately 0.8-fold the systemic exposure in elderly human subjects at the maximum recommended therapeutic dose of 80 mg daily. Higher doses were associated with aggravation and delayed healing of skin infections, an effect probably associated with COX-2 inhibition.
In reproduction toxicity tests, the incidence of post-implantation losses, resorptions and foetal body weight retardation occurred at doses not producing maternal toxicity in the rabbit studies. No effects of parecoxib on male or female fertilities were found in rats.
The effects of parecoxib have not been evaluated in late pregnancy or in the pre- and postnatal period. Parecoxib sodium administered intravenously to lactating rats as a single dose showed concentrations of parecoxib, valdecoxib and a valdecoxib active metabolite in milk similar to that of maternal plasma.
The carcinogenic potential of parecoxib sodium has not been evaluated.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Powder
Disodium hydrogen phosphate
Phosphoric acid and/or sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment).
Solvent
Sodium chloride
Hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment)
Water for injections.
6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except for those mentioned in section 6.6.
Dynastat and opioids should not be administered together in the same syringe.
Use of Ringer-Lactate solution for injection or glucose 50 g/l (5%) in Ringer Lactate solution for injection for reconstitution will cause the parecoxib to precipitate from solution and therefore is not recommended.
Use of Sterile Water for Injection is not recommended, as the resulting solution is not isotonic.
Do not inject Dynastat into an IV line delivering any other drug. The IV line must be adequately flushed prior to and after Dynastat injection with a solution of known compatibility (see section 6.6).
Injection into an IV line delivering glucose 50 g/l (5%) in Ringer-Lactate solution for injection, or other IV fluids not listed in 6.6, is not recommended as this may cause precipitation from solution.
6.3 Shelf Life
3 years.
Chemical and physical in-use stability of the reconstituted solution has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 25°C. From a microbiological point of view, the aseptically prepared product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would not normally be longer than 12 hours at 25°C, unless reconstitution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
This medicinal product does not require special storing conditions prior to reconstitution.
Do not refrigerate or freeze reconstituted solutions.
For storage conditions of the reconstituted medicinal product see section 6.3.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
20 mg powder for solution for injection:
Parecoxib sodium vials
20 mg vials: Type I colourless glass vials (2 ml) with a laminated stopper, sealed with a yellow flip-off cap on the aluminium overseal.
Dynastat is available in packs containing 10 vials.
20 mg powder and solvent for solution for injection:
Parecoxib sodium vials
20 mg vials: Type I colourless glass vials (2 ml) with a laminated stopper, sealed with a yellow flip-off cap on the aluminium overseal.
Solvent ampoules
2 ml ampoule: colourless neutral glass, Type I.
Dynastat is supplied as a sterile, single unit-of-use vial that is packaged with a 2 ml ampoule with a fill volume of 1 ml sodium chloride 9mg/ml (0.9%) solution (see below for various pack sizes and configurations).
Pack sizes
1 x 1 pack: contains 1 vial with parecoxib 20 mg and 1 ampoule with 1 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution.
3 x 3 pack: contains 3 vials of parecoxib 20 mg and 3 ampoule with 1 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution.
5 x 5 pack: contains 5 vials of parecoxib 20 mg and 5 ampoule with 1 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
40 mg powder for solution for injection:
Parecoxib sodium vials
40 mg vials: Type I colourless glass vials (5 ml) with a laminated stopper, sealed with a purple flip-off cap on the aluminium overseal.
Dynastat is available in packs containing 10 vials.
40 mg powder and solvent for solution for injection:
Parecoxib sodium vials
40 mg vials: Type I colourless glass vials (5 ml) with a laminated stopper, sealed with a purple flip-off cap on the aluminium overseal.
Solvent ampoules
2 ml ampoule: colourless neutral glass, Type I.
Dynastat is supplied as a sterile, single unit-of-use vial that is packaged with a 2 ml ampoule with a fill volume of 2 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution (see below for various pack sizes and configurations).
Pack Sizes
1 x 1 pack: contains 1 vial with parecoxib 40 mg and 1 ampoule with 2 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution.
3 x 3 pack: contains 3 vials with parecoxib 40 mg and 3 ampoule with 2 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution.
5 x 5 pack: contains 5 vials with parecoxib 40 mg and 5 ampoule with 2 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
Dynastat must be reconstituted before use. Dynastat is preservative free. Aseptic technique is required for its preparation.
Reconstitution solvents
Reconstitute Dynastat 20 mg with 1 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution. The only other acceptable solvents for reconstitution are:
glucose 50 g/l (5%) solution for infusion
sodium chloride 4.5 mg/ml (0.45%) and glucose 50 g/l (5%) solution for injection
Reconstitute Dynastat 40 mg with 2 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution. The only other acceptable solvents for reconstitution are:
glucose 50 g/l (5%) solution for infusion
sodium chloride 4.5 mg/ml (0.45%) and glucose 50 g/l (5%) solution for injection
Reconstitution process
Use aseptic technique to reconstitute lyophilised parecoxib (as parecoxib sodium).
20 mg vial
Remove the purple flip-off cap to expose the central portion of the rubber stopper of the 20 mg parecoxib vial. Withdraw, with a sterile needle and syringe, 1 ml of an acceptable solvent and insert the needle through the central portion of the rubber stopper transferring the solvent into the 20 mg vial.
40 mg vial
Remove the purple flip-off cap to expose the central portion of the rubber stopper of the 40 mg parecoxib vial. Withdraw, with a sterile needle and syringe, 2 ml of an acceptable solvent and insert the needle through the central portion of the rubber stopper transferring the solvent into the 40 mg vial.
Dissolve the powder completely using a gentle swirling motion and inspect the reconstituted product before use. The entire contents of the vial should be withdrawn for a single administration.
After reconstitution, Dynastat should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. The solution should not be used if discolored or cloudy, or if particulate matter is observed. Dynastat should be administered within 24 hours of reconstitution (see Section 6.3), or discarded.
The reconstituted product is isotonic.
IV line solution compatibility
After reconstitution with acceptable solvents, Dynastat may only be injected IV or IM, or into IV lines delivering:
sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution
glucose 50 g/l (5%) solution for infusion
sodium chloride 4.5 mg/ml (0.45%) and glucose 50 g/l (5%) solution for injection
Ringer-Lactate solution for injection
For single use only. Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
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