1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Oxycodone Hydrochloride 10mg/ml Oral Solution
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each 1ml contains oxycodone hydrochloride 10 mg (equivalent to 9 mg of oxycodone base).
This medicinal product contains approximately 0.85mg sodium per ml.
For full list of excipients, see Section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
A clear, orange oral solution.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
For the treatment of moderate to severe pain in patients with cancer and post-operative pain. For the treatment of severe pain requiring the use of a strong opioid.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Route of administration:
Oral use.
Post-operative pain:
In common with other strong opioids, the need for continued treatment should be assessed at regular intervals.
Elderly and adults over 18 years:
Oxycodone solution should be taken at 4-6 hourly intervals. The dosage is dependent on the severity of the pain, and the patient's previous history of analgesic requirements.
Increasing severity of pain will require an increased dosage of Oxycodone solution. The correct dosage for any individual patient is that which controls the pain and is well tolerated throughout the dosing period. Patients should be titrated to pain relief unless unmanageable adverse drug reactions prevent this.
The usual starting dose for opioid naïve patients or patients presenting with severe pain uncontrolled by weaker opioids is 5 mg, 4-6 hourly. The dose should then be carefully titrated, as frequently as once a day if necessary, to achieve pain relief. The majority of patients will not require a daily dose greater than 400 mg. However, a few patients may require higher doses.
Patients receiving oral morphine before oxycodone therapy should have their daily dose based on the following ratio: 10 mg of oral oxycodone is equivalent to 20 mg of oral morphine. It must be emphasised that this is a guide to the dose of Oxycodone solution required. Inter-patient variability requires that each patient is carefully titrated to the appropriate dose.
Controlled pharmacokinetic studies in elderly patients (aged over 65 years) have shown that, compared with younger adults, the clearance of oxycodone is only slightly reduced. No untoward adverse drug reactions were seen based on age, therefore adult doses and dosage intervals are appropriate.
Adults with mild to moderate renal impairment and mild hepatic impairment:
The plasma concentration in this patient population may be increased. Therefore, dose initiation should follow a conservative approach. The starting dose for opioid naïve patients is 2.5 mg, 6-hourly.
Children under 18 years:
Oxycodone solution should not be used in patients under 18 years.
Use in non-malignant pain:
Opioids are not first line therapy for chronic non-malignant pain, nor are they recommended as the only treatment. Types of chronic pain which have been shown to be alleviated by strong opioids include chronic osteoarthritic pain and intervertebral disc disease. The need for continued treatment in non-malignant pain should be assessed at regular intervals.
Cessation of therapy:
When a patient no longer requires therapy with oxycodone, it may be advisable to taper the dose gradually to prevent symptoms of withdrawal.
4.3 Contraindications
Respiratory depression, head injury, paralytic ileus, acute abdomen, delayed gastric emptying, chronic obstructive airways disease, cor pulmonale, chronic bronchial asthma, hypercarbia, known oxycodone sensitivity or in any situation where opioids are contra-indicated, moderate to severe hepatic impairment, severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 10 ml/min), chronic constipation, concurrent administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors or within 2 weeks of discontinuation of their use, pregnancy and lactation, hypersensitivity to any of the constituents of the product.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
The major risk of opioid excess is respiratory depression. As with all narcotics, a reduction in dosage may be advisable in hypothyroidism. Use with caution in opioid dependent patients and in patients with raised intracranial pressure, hypotension, hypovolaemia, toxic psychosis, diseases of the biliary tract, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disorders, prostatic hypertrophy, adrenocortical insufficiency, acute alcoholism, delirium tremens, chronic renal and hepatic disease, or severe pulmonary disease and debilitated, elderly and infirm patients. Oxycodone solution should not be used where there is a possibility of paralytic ileus occurring. Should paralytic ileus be suspected or occur during use, Oxycodone solution should be discontinued immediately.
As with all opioid preparations, patients about to undergo additional pain relieving procedures (e.g. surgery, plexus blockade) should not receive Oxycodone solution for 6 hours prior to the intervention. If further treatment with oxycodone is indicated then the dosage should be adjusted to the new post-operative requirement.
Oxycodone should be used with caution following abdominal surgery as opioids are known to impair intestinal motility and should not be used until the physician is assured of normal bowel function.
For appropriate patients who suffer with chronic non-malignant pain, opioids should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment programme involving other medications and treatment modalities. A crucial part of the assessment of a patient with chronic non-malignant pain is the patient's addiction and substance abuse history. Oxycodone solution should be used with particular care in patients with a history of alcohol and drug abuse.
If opioid treatment is considered appropriate for the patient, then the main aim of treatment is not to minimise the dose of opioid but rather to achieve a dose which provides adequate pain relief with a minimum of side effects. There must be frequent contact between physician and patient so that dosage adjustments can be made. It is strongly recommended that the physician defines treatment outcomes in accordance with pain management guidelines. The physician and patient can then agree to discontinue treatment if these objectives are not met.
Oxycodone has an abuse profile similar to other strong opioids. Oxycodone may be sought and abused by people with latent or manifest addiction disorders.
As with other opioids, infants who are born to dependent mothers may exhibit withdrawal symptoms and may have respiratory depression at birth.
Abuse of oral dosage forms by parenteral administration can be expected to result in serious adverse events, which may be fatal.
Oxycodone 10mg/ml solution contains approximately 0.85mg sodium per ml. A total daily dose of 400mg of this product contains approximately 34mg sodium. To be taken into consideration in patients on a controlled sodium diet.
Oxycodone 10mg/ml solution contains sunset yellow (E110), which may cause allergic reactions.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Oxycodone, like other opioids, potentiates the effects of tranquillisers, anaesthetics, hypnotics, anti-depressants, sedatives, phenothiazines, neuroleptic drugs, alcohol, other opioids, muscle relaxants and antihypertensives. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are known to interact with narcotic analgesics, producing CNS excitation or depression with hypertensive or hypotensive crisis.
Concurrent administration of quinidine, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450-2D6 with a modified release oxycodone tablet, resulted in an increase in oxycodone Cmax by 11%, AUC by 13%, and t½ elim. by 14%. Also an increase in noroxycodone level was observed, (Cmax by 50%, AUC by 85%, and t½ elim. by 42%). The pharmacodynamic effects of oxycodone were not altered. This interaction may be observed for other potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450-2D6 enzyme. Cimetidine and inhibitors of cytochrome P450-3A4 such as ketoconazole and erythromycin may inhibit the metabolism of oxycodone.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy
Oxycodone solution is not recommended for use during pregnancy nor during labour(see section 4.3).
There are no adequate data from the use of oxycodone in pregnant women. Animal studies are insufficient with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Oxycodone crosses the placenta. Prolonged use of oxycodone during pregnancy can cause withdrawal symptoms in newborns. Infants born to mothers who have received opioids during pregnancy should be monitored for respiratory depression.
Lactation
Oxycodone may be secreted in breast milk and may cause respiratory depression in the newborn. Oxycodone solution is contraindicated during breast-feeding (see section 4.3).
Fertility
There are no data on the effects of oxycodone on fertility (see section 5.3).
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Oxycodone may modify patients' reactions to a varying extent depending on the dosage and individual susceptibility. Therefore patients should not drive or operate machinery, if affected.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Adverse drug reactions are typical of full opioid agonists. Tolerance and dependence may occur (see Tolerance and Dependence, below). Constipation may be prevented with an appropriate laxative. If nausea or vomiting are troublesome, oxycodone may be combined with an anti-emetic.
Common (incidence of
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Tolerance and Dependence:
The patient may develop tolerance to the drug with chronic use and require progressively higher doses to maintain pain control. Prolonged use of Oxycodone solution may lead to physical dependence and a withdrawal syndrome may occur upon abrupt cessation of therapy. When a patient no longer requires therapy with oxycodone, it may be advisable to taper the dose gradually to prevent symptoms of withdrawal. The opioid abstinence or withdrawal syndrome is characterised by some or all of the following: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, mydriasis and palpitations. Other symptoms also may develop, including: irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate or heart rate.
4.9 Overdose
Signs of oxycodone toxicity and overdosage are pin-point pupils, respiratory depression and hypotension. Circulatory failure and somnolence progressing to stupor or deepening coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, bradycardia and death may occur in more severe cases.
Treatment of oxycodone overdosage: Primary attention should be given to the establishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation.
In the case of massive overdosage, administer naloxone intravenously (0.4 to 2 mg for an adult and 0.01 mg/kg body weight for children), if the patient is in a coma or respiratory depression is present. Repeat the dose at 2 minute intervals if there is no response. If repeated doses are required then an infusion of 60% of the initial dose per hour is a useful starting point. A solution of 10 mg made up in 50 ml dextrose will produce 200 micrograms/ml for infusion using an IV pump (dose adjusted to the clinical response). Infusions are not a substitute for frequent review of the patient's clinical state. Intramuscular naloxone is an alternative in the event IV access is not possible. As the duration of action of naloxone is relatively short, the patient must be carefully monitored until spontaneous respiration is reliably established. Naloxone is a competitive antagonist and large doses (4 mg) may be required in seriously poisoned patients.
For less severe overdosage, administer naloxone 0.2 mg intravenously followed by increments of 0.1 mg every 2 minutes if required.
Naloxone should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to oxycodone overdosage. Naloxone should be administered cautiously to persons who are known, or suspected, to be physically dependent on oxycodone. In such cases, an abrupt or complete reversal of opioid effects may precipitate pain and an acute withdrawal syndrome.
Additional/other considerations:
• Consider activated charcoal (50 g for adults, 10 -15 g for children), if a substantial amount has been ingested within 1 hour, provided the airway can be protected.
• Gastric contents may need to be emptied as this can be useful in removing unabsorbed drug.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Natural opium alkaloids
ATC code: N02A A05
Oxycodone is a full opioid agonist with no antagonist properties. It has an affinity for kappa, mu and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Oxycodone is similar to morphine in its action. The therapeutic effect is mainly analgesic, anxiolytic, antitussive and sedative.
Opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or gonadal axes. Some changes that can be seen include an increase in serum prolactin and decreases in plasma cortisol and testosterone. Clinical symptoms may be manifest from these hormonal changes.
In vitro and animal studies indicate various effects of natural opioids, such as morphine, on components of the immune system; the clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Whether oxycodone, a semisynthetic opioid, has immunological effects similar to morphine is unknown.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Compared with morphine, which has an absolute bioavailability of approximately 30%, oxycodone has a high absolute bioavailability of up to 87% following oral administration. Oxycodone has an elimination half life of approximately 3-4 hours and is metabolised principally to noroxycodone and oxymorphone. Oxymorphone has some analgesic activity but is present in the plasma at low concentrations and is not considered to contribute to oxycodone's pharmacological effect.
A pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers has demonstrated that, following administration of a single 10 mg dose, oxycodone solution provided an equivalent rate and extent of absorption of oxycodone. Mean peak plasma concentrations of approximately 20 ng/ml were achieved within 1.5 hours of administration, median tmax values from both strengths of liquid being less than one hour.
Studies involving controlled release oxycodone have demonstrated that the oral bioavailability of oxycodone is only slightly increased (16%) in the elderly. In patients with renal and hepatic impairment, the bioavailability of oxycodone was increased by 60% and 90% respectively, and a reduced initial dose is recommended in these groups.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Oxycodone was not mutagenic in the following assays: Ames Salmonella and E. Coli test with and without metabolic activation at doses of up to 5000 μg, chromosomal aberration test in human lymphocytes (in the absence of metabolic activation and with activation after 48 hours of exposure) at doses of up to 1500 μg/ml, and in the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus assay in mice (at plasma levels of up to 48 μg/ml). Mutagenic results occurred in the presence of metabolic activation in the human chromosomal aberration test (at greater than or equal to 1250 μg/ml) at 24 but not 48 hours of exposure and in the mouse lymphoma assay at doses of 50 μg/ml or greater with metabolic activation and at 400 μg/ml or greater without metabolic activation. The data from these tests indicate that the genotoxic risk to humans may be considered low.
Studies of oxycodone in animals to evaluate its carcinogenic potential have not been conducted owing to the length of clinical experience with the drug substance.
There is insufficient data on the reproduction toxicity properties of oxycodone and there are no studies on fertility or the post-natal effects following intrauterine exposure. However, studies in rats and rabbits with oral doses of oxycodone equivalent to 3 and 47 times an adult dose of 160 mg/day, respectively, did not reveal evidence of harm to the fetus due to oxycodone.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Citric acid monohydrate
Sodium citrate
Sodium benzoate
Sodium saccharin
Sunset yellow (E110)
Purified water
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf Life
Unopened: 18 months.
After first opening: 1 month.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Do not store above 25°C.
Store in the original package in order to protect from light.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Oxycodone solution is supplied in 125 ml amber soda glass (type III) bottles, fitted with 28 mm white child resistant tamper evident caps with expanded polyethylene (EPE) liners, contained in outer cardboard cartons. In addition a 3ml dosing dispenser and a bottle adapter will be supplied with each pack. The 125ml bottle contains 120ml of solution.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Wockhardt UK Ltd
Ash Road North
Wrexham
LL13 9UF
UK
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 29831/0459
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
UK: 25/05/2011
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
03/08/2011
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